Often Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln discussed the relations of Cabinet officers, and gentlemen prominent in politics, in my presence. I soon learned that the wife of the President had no love for Mr. Salmon P. Chase, at that time Secretary of the Treasury. She was well versed in human character, was somewhat suspicious of those by whom she was surrounded, and often her judgment was correct. Her intuition about the sincerity of individuals was more accurate than that of her husband. She looked beyond, and read the reflection of action in the future. Her hostility to Mr. Chase was very bitter. She claimed that he was a selfish politician instead of a true patriot, and warned Mr. Lincoln not to trust him too far. The daughter of the Secretary was quite a belle in Washington, and Mrs. Lincoln, who was jealous of the popularity of others, had no desire to build up her social position through political favor to her father. Miss Chase, now Mrs. Senator Sprague, was a lovely woman, and was worthy of all the admiration she received. Mr. Lincoln was more confiding than his wife. He never suspected the fidelity of those who claimed to be his friends. Honest to the very core himself, and frank as a child, he never dreamed of questioning the sincerity of others.
"Father, I do wish that you would inquire a little into the motives of Chase," said his wife one day.
The President was lying carelessly upon a sofa, holding a newspaper in his hands. "Mother, you are too suspicious. I give you credit for sagacity, but you are disposed to magnify trifles. Chase is a patriot, and one of my best friends."
"Yes, one of your best friends because it is his interest to be so. He is anything for Chase. If he thought he could make anything by it, he would betray you to–morrow."
"I fear that you are prejudiced against the man, mother. I know that you do him injustice."
"Mr. Lincoln, you are either blind or will not see. I am not the only one that has warned you against him."
"True, I receive letters daily from all parts of the country, telling me not to trust Chase; but then these letters are written by the political enemies of the Secretary, and it would be unjust and foolish to pay any attention to them."
"Very well, you will find out some day, if you live long enough, that I have read the man correctly. I only hope that your eyes may not be opened to the truth when it is too late." The President, as far as I could judge from his conversation with his wife, continued to confide in Mr. Chase to the time of his tragic death.
Mrs. Lincoln was especially severe on Mr. Wm. H. Seward, Secretary of State. She but rarely lost an opportunity to say an unkind word of him.
One morning I went to the White House earlier than usual. Mr. Lincoln was sitting in a chair, reading a paper, stroking with one hand the head of little Tad. I was basting a dress for Mrs. Lincoln. A servant entered, and handed the President a letter just brought by a messenger. He broke the seal, and when he had read the contents his wife asked:
"Who is the letter from, father?"
"Seward; I must go over and see him today."
"Seward! I wish you had nothing to do with that man. He cannot be trusted."
"You say the same of Chase. If I listened to you, I should soon be without a Cabinet."
"Better be without it than to confide in some of the men that you do. Seward is worse than Chase. He has no principle."
"Mother, you are mistaken; your prejudices are so violent that you do not stop to reason. Seward is an able man, and the country as well as myself can trust him."
"Father, you are too honest for this world! You should have been born a saint. You will generally find it a safe rule to distrust a disappointed, ambitious politician. It makes me mad to see you sit still and let that hypocrite, Seward, twine you around his finger as if you were a skein of thread."
"It is useless to argue the question, mother. You cannot change my opinion."
Mrs. Lincoln prided herself upon her ability to read character. She was shrewd and far–seeing, and had no patience with the frank, confiding nature of the President.
When Andrew Johnson was urged for military Governor of Tennessee, Mrs. Lincoln bitterly opposed the appointment.
"He is a demagogue," she said, almost fiercely, "and if you place him in power, Mr. Lincoln, mark my words, you will rue it some day."
General McClellan, when made Commander–in–Chief, was the idol of the soldiers, and never was a general more universally popular. "He is a humbug," remarked Mrs. Lincoln one day in my presence.
"What makes you think so, mother?" good–naturedly inquired the President.
"Because he talks so much and does so little. If I had the power I would very soon take off his head, and put some energetic man in his place."
"But I regard McClellan as a patriot and an able soldier. He has been much embarrassed. The troops are raw, and the subordinate officers inclined to be rebellious. There are too many politicians in the army with shoulder–straps. McClellan is young and popular, and they are jealous of him. They will kill him off if they can."
"McClellan can make plenty of excuse for himself, therefore he needs no advocate in you. If he would only do something, and not promise so much, I might learn to have a little faith in him. I tell you he is a humbug, and you will have to find some man to take his place, that is, if you wish to conquer the South."
Mrs. Lincoln could not tolerate General Grant. "He is a butcher," she would often say, "and is not fit to be at the head of an army."
"But he has been very successful in the field," argued the President.
"Yes, he generally manages to claim a victory, but such a victory! He loses two men to the enemy's one. He has no management, no regard for life. If the war should continue four years longer, and he should remain in power, he would depopulate the North. I could fight an army as well myself. According to his tactics, there is nothing under the heavens to do but to march a new line of men up in front of the rebel breastworks to be shot down as fast as they take their position, and keep marching until the enemy grows tired of the slaughter. Grant, I repeat, is an obstinate fool and a butcher."
"Well, mother, supposing that we give you command of the army. No doubt you would do much better than any general that has been tried." There was a twinkle in the eyes, and a ring of irony in the voice.
I have often heard Mrs. Lincoln say that if Grant should ever be elected President of the United States she would desire to leave the country, and remain absent during his term of office.
It was well known that Mrs. Lincoln's brothers were in the Confederate army, and for this reason it was often charged that her sympathies were with the South. Those who made the hasty charge were never more widely mistaken.
One morning, on my way to the White House, I heard that Captain Alexander Todd, one of her brothers, had been killed. I did not like to inform Mrs. Lincoln of his death, judging that it would be painful news to her. I had been in her room but a few minutes when she said, with apparent unconcern, "Lizzie, I have just heard that one of my brothers has been killed in the war."
"I also heard the same, Mrs. Lincoln, but hesitated to speak of it, for fear the subject would be a painful one to you."
"You need not hesitate. Of course, it is but natural that I should feel for one so nearly related to me, but not to the extent that you suppose. He made his choice long ago. He decided against my husband, and through him against me. He has been fighting against us; and since he chose to be our deadly enemy, I see no special reason why I should bitterly mourn his death."
I felt relieved, and in subsequent conversations learned that Mrs. Lincoln had no sympathy for the South. "Why should I sympathize with the rebels," she would say; "are they not against me? They would hang my husband to–morrow if it was in their power, and perhaps gibbet me with him. How then can I sympathize with a people at war with me and mine?" She always objected to being thought Southern in feeling.
Mr. Lincoln was generous by nature, and though his whole heart was in the war, he could not but respect the valor of those opposed to him. His soul was too great for the narrow, selfish views of partisanship. Brave by nature himself, he honored bravery in others, even his foes. Time and again I have heard him speak in the highest terms of the soldierly qualities of such brave Confederate generals as Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Joseph E. Johns[t]on. Jackson was his ideal soldier. "He is a brave, honest Presbyterian soldier," were his words; "what a pity that we should have to fight such a gallant fellow! If we only had such a man to lead the armies of the North, the country would not be appalled with so many disasters."
As this is a rambling chapter, I will here record an incident showing his feeling toward Robert E. Lee. The very morning of the day on which he was assassinated, his son, Capt. Robert Lincoln, came into the room with a portrait of General Lee in his hand. The President took the picture, laid it on a table before him, scanned the face thoughtfully, and said: "It is a good face; it is the face of a noble, noble, brave man. I am glad that the war is over at last." Looking up at Robert, he continued: "Well, my son, you have returned safely from the front. The war is now closed, and we soon will live in peace with the brave men that have been fighting against us. I trust that the era of good feeling has returned with the war, and that henceforth we shall live in peace. Now listen to me, Robert: you must lay aside your uniform, and return to college. I wish you to read law for three years, and at the end of that time I hope that we will be able to tell whether you will make a lawyer or not." His face was more cheerful than I had seen it for a long while, and he seemed to be in a generous, forgiving mood.
Hintergrund und Einführung der Autorin
Diese Passage ist ein Auszug aus historischen Memoiren oder Berichten über Abraham Lincoln und seine Familie während des Amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs. Die Autorin, wahrscheinlich eine Zeitgenossin oder enge Beobachterin, gibt intime Einblicke in die persönlichen und politischen Dynamiken innerhalb des Hauses Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln, der 16. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten, führte die Nation durch ihre herausforderndste Zeit, den Bürgerkrieg (1861–1865), und bemühte sich, die Union zu erhalten und die Sklaverei abzuschaffen. Seine Frau, Mary Todd Lincoln, wird hier als eine aufmerksame, manchmal misstrauische Frau dargestellt, die tief in politische Angelegenheiten involviert und beschützend gegenüber ihrem Mann ist.
Detaillierte Interpretation und Bedeutung
Die Passage offenbart die Spannungen und das Misstrauen, die selbst die höchsten Regierungsebenen während der Kriegszeit durchdrangen. Mrs. Lincolns Misstrauen gegenüber wichtigen Kabinettsmitgliedern wie Salmon P. Chase und William H. Seward spiegelt das komplexe Zusammenspiel von Politik, Loyalität und persönlichem Ehrgeiz wider. Ihre scharfen Urteile stehen im Gegensatz zu Lincolns vertrauensvoller und vergebungsbereiter Natur und unterstreichen unterschiedliche Ansätze zur Führung und zum menschlichen Charakter.
Lincolns Respekt vor Tapferkeit, selbst unter seinen Feinden, unterstreicht seine Großzügigkeit und seine Vision der Versöhnung. Seine Bewunderung für konföderierte Generäle wie Robert E. Lee und Stonewall Jackson zeigt die Fähigkeit, über den Konflikt hinauszusehen und Tapferkeit unabhängig von der Seite anzuerkennen. Der ergreifende Moment, in dem Lincoln am Tag seiner Ermordung über Frieden und die Zukunft seines Sohnes spricht, fügt der Erzählung eine kraftvolle emotionale Ebene hinzu.
Lektionen und Erkenntnisse für Schüler
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Verständnis von Führung und Vertrauen: Die Geschichte lehrt, dass Führung sowohl Vertrauen als auch Vorsicht erfordert. Lincolns Offenheit ermöglichte es ihm, starke Beziehungen aufzubauen, aber Mrs. Lincolns Vorsicht erinnert uns daran, dass kritisches Denken über die Motive anderer unerlässlich ist.
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Die Komplexität des menschlichen Charakters: Menschen sind facettenreich. Mrs. Lincolns Misstrauen, Lincolns Ehrlichkeit und die politischen Ambitionen anderer zeigen, dass das Verständnis von Menschen erfordert, über den ersten Eindruck hinauszusehen.
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Der Wert von Vergebung und Respekt: Lincolns Fähigkeit, seine Feinde zu respektieren und auf Frieden zu hoffen, ist ein kraftvolles Beispiel für Vergebung und Versöhnung, wesentliche Eigenschaften in persönlichen und sozialen Konflikten.
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Die Auswirkungen des Krieges auf Familien: Die Geschichte berührt auch die persönlichen Kosten des Krieges, da Mrs. Lincolns Brüder für die gegnerische Seite kämpften, was veranschaulicht, wie nationale Konflikte Familien tiefgreifend beeinflussen.
Anwendungen im täglichen Leben, beim Lernen und in sozialen Situationen
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Kritisches Denken: Schüler sollten lernen, Informationen sorgfältig zu bewerten, so wie Mrs. Lincoln zur Vorsicht gegenüber politischen Persönlichkeiten riet. Diese Fähigkeit ist bei der Schularbeit und in sozialen Interaktionen nützlich, um nicht in die Irre geführt zu werden.
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Empathie und Respekt: Wie Lincoln können Schüler üben, die Perspektiven anderer zu respektieren, auch wenn sie anderer Meinung sind, und so bessere Freundschaften und Teamarbeit fördern.
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Resilienz und Vergebung: Die Fähigkeit, nach Konflikten zu vergeben und voranzukommen, hilft, den Frieden in Beziehungen zu wahren, sei es zu Hause, in der Schule oder in der Gemeinschaft.
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Bewusstsein für Konsequenzen: Das Verständnis, wie Entscheidungen andere beeinflussen, wie hier in der politischen und familiären Dynamik zu sehen ist, fördert verantwortungsvolles Verhalten.
Förderung positiver Eigenschaften aus der Geschichte
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Entwicklung von Intuition und Urteilsvermögen: Schüler können üben, die Handlungen und Worte anderer sorgfältig zu beobachten, um ihre Absichten besser zu verstehen, so wie Mrs. Lincoln es tat.
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Ausgleich von Vertrauen und Skepsis: Zu lernen, wann man vertrauen und wann man hinterfragen soll, hilft, starke, gesunde Beziehungen aufzubauen.
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Ehrlichkeit und Integrität: Lincolns Ehrlichkeit und Geradlinigkeit nachzuahmen, kann den Ruf und den Selbstrespekt stärken.
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Mut und Führung: Lincolns Mut bei der Führung einer gespaltenen Nation ermutigt die Schüler, an ihren Werten festzuhalten und in herausfordernden Situationen mutig zu handeln.
Schlussfolgerung
Diese historische Erzählung bietet nicht nur einen Einblick in das Leben eines der größten Präsidenten Amerikas und seiner Familie, sondern liefert auch zeitlose Lektionen über Vertrauen, Führung, menschliche Natur und Versöhnung. Schüler, die dies lesen, können Einblicke gewinnen, wie man mit komplexen sozialen und persönlichen Herausforderungen umgeht, kritisches Denken entwickelt und Tugenden kultiviert, die ihnen im Leben gute Dienste leisten werden.